To safeguard land, water, and vulnerable communities in the acutely water-stressed region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), it is essential to understand and address climate and water risks comprehensively. The escalating impacts of climate change—such as intensified droughts, diminishing water resources, and declining land productivity—pose severe threats to food security and livelihoods in rural and arid zones that depend on agriculture, grazing, and fisheries. Integrating food systems more holistically, including aquatic food sources like fish, can enhance resilience and diversify income streams for these communities. 
A science-based, inclusive approach that integrates indigenous knowledge is critical in this context. Local communities in MENA have developed time-tested practices to manage scarce water and land resources effectively, such as traditional water harvesting systems, rotational grazing, and sustainable aquaculture techniques. Incorporating these practices into modern strategies can strengthen efforts to mitigate risks. Special attention must be given to smallholder farmers, pastoralists, fishers, and women, who face disproportionate vulnerabilities. Collaborative action that combines traditional expertise with cutting-edge technology and policy innovations is vital for creating adaptive, resilient, and equitable food systems across the region.